Science and Security in a Post 9/11 World: A Report Based on Regional Discussions Between the Science and Security Communities.
Chapter IV: Biosecurity and Dual-Use Research in the Life Sciences
In the life sciences, dual-use research “encompasses biological research with legitimate scientific purpose, the results of which may be misused to pose a biologic threat to public health and/or national security.” Generally, the term tends to refer to technologies that have both a civilian and a military use. The dual-use research dilemma in the life sciences refers to the conundrum of producing and publishing research within the life sciences that is directed toward or intended to improve public health, animal health, or agricultural productivity, but that in the hands of a rogue state, terrorist group, or individual, could be used to impair public health. As early as the 18th century, greater understanding of the smallpox virus led to the first viral vaccine, as well as use of the virus as a bioweapon. In the wake of the anthrax attacks of 2001 and heightened concerns regarding terrorism, the more tangible possibility of bioterrorism has increased fears and concerns regarding the performance and publication of dual-use research.